{"id":1286,"date":"2024-02-18T15:00:18","date_gmt":"2024-02-18T14:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/?post_type=verhaal&p=1466"},"modified":"2024-02-18T15:10:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-18T14:10:20","slug":"upheaval-in-the-ommelanden","status":"publish","type":"verhaal","link":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/upheaval-in-the-ommelanden\/","title":{"rendered":"Upheaval in the Ommelanden"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Here, in the little village of Losdorp, you can now find the Fraeylemaheerd. For centuries, there was a borg<\/em> \u2013 an estate house \u2013 which burned down in 1890. An 18th-century drawing of the building<\/a> shows a decent-sized house with three floors and a gable roof with roof tiles. One of the oldest known residents of that borg<\/em> was Nicolaas Schaffer. He lived here in the sixteenth century as the squire of Losdorp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Fraeylemaborg at Losdorp drawn by Jacobus Stellingwerf, 1724-1756 (Groninger Archieven<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nicolaas Schaffer left us this book. It is a manuscript with the land rights of Fivelgo, Hunsingo, and Groningen in a remarkable format: horizontally oblong. Besides the various legal texts, it contains an almanac<\/span>An almanac, or calendar book, is an annual publication with information on certain subjects that return in every issue, partly organized according to the calendar.<\/span>, a calendar of saints, and the zodiac signs. Based on the almanac, this book can be dated back to 1535. The various handwritings in the book suggest that Schaffer did not write the book himself in that year. He did add notes and additions at a later date. The six expertly crafted illustrations highlight that Schaffer (or a previous owner) had the manuscript made by professional scribes and illustrators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Latin inscription of ownership on p. 1: “Sum Nicolai Schaffer” = “Nicolaas Schaffer owns me”<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The illustrations provide a special window into the history of this area. In Schaffer\u2019s time, the city of Groningen and its surrounding areas, known as the Ommelanden,<\/em> waged battle constantly. Groningen was also known as \u201cthe tail of Drenthe\u201d among the people of the Ommelanden<\/em>. They viewed the Groningen administrators as strangers who had no business in their area. Even so, the influence of Groningen in the Ommelanden<\/em> grew with time. At the start of the sixteenth century, Groningen became involved in the Guelders Wars and the battle against Emperor Charles V. Because of this, it lost its hold on the Ommelanden<\/em>, which evolved into a sanctuary for religious refugees who tried to evade the Catholic Inquisition. A large number of Anabaptists and other Christian minorities travelled north, because, initially, local authorities did very little to keep them away. Under the banner of Frisian Freedom, religious minorities were able to live more or less freely in this area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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pp. 44-45 in Schaffers’ book with one of six illustrations alongside a clause from 1448 regarding money transactions and the relative values of currencies (butdrager, schilling, mark)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This tolerance, or indifference, ended in 1536 when Groningen allied with the catholic Emperor Charles V and subsequently attempted to end the riots and uprisings caused by the religious minorities. The first blows were dealt in the city of Appingedam, the central stronghold of the Anabaptists at the time. This worked out well for the Groningen administrators, because the presence of the Anabaptists in Appingedam gave Groningen the opportunity to significantly weaken the power of its biggest opponent, which was the only city in the Ommelanden<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Anabaptists were chased out of Appingedam with the support of Charles V and the fortifications of the city were destroyed. As a result, large groups of Anabaptists spread out across the\u00a0Ommelanden<\/em>. Militant Anabaptist groups such as the\u00a0Batenburgers<\/span>Radical Anabaptists who after the M\u00fcnster rebellion of 1534 raided the Groningen Ommelanden under leadership of Jan van Batenburg. Their goal was to establish a theocracy called the New Jerusalem. The Batenburgers approved the use of violence as a means to achieve a better and more pious world.<\/span> plundered and pillaged villages,\u00a0borgs,<\/em>\u00a0and farms. In response, the chiefs of Groningen worked together with judges from the\u00a0Ommelanden<\/em>\u00a0to re-establish law and order through clear agreements between the two parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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pp. 118-119 in Schaffers’ book with the clause and illustration of punishments for herecy<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

We can read about these agreements in Nicolaas Schaffer\u2019s book. For example, a collective penance was put in place for Anabaptists and other \u2018new sects\u2019. Those who did not adhere to the commandments of the Catholic Church were fined five marks. If the offender still refused to be obedient, they were fined ten or fifteen marks. As a last resort, the squire was allowed to use corporal punishment. The drawing next to this clause shows how brutal law enforcement could be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this book, Nicolaas Schaffer read how he as the squire could take action against heretics in his area. The book shows that the administrators of Groningen and the Ommelanden<\/em> took extreme measures to reduce the following of religious minorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author: Rens Huisman<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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