{"id":903,"date":"2022-08-31T15:54:04","date_gmt":"2022-08-31T13:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/?post_type=verhaal&p=586"},"modified":"2023-05-27T11:57:31","modified_gmt":"2023-05-27T09:57:31","slug":"een-kroniek-aan-de-ketting","status":"publish","type":"verhaal","link":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/een-kroniek-aan-de-ketting\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronicle on a Chain"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This Martini Church<\/a>\u00a0has been an important part of the city of Groningen since the early Middle Ages. The church\u2019s library was filled with books that were mainly used as reference works by the clergymen of the city, but the library may have acted as a municipal library as well. In the 16th century, the\u00a0Liber Cronicarum<\/em>, or the Nuremberg Chronicle, was kept in the library for a long time. Books like these were put on a chain: one end of the chain was attached to the book cover and the other end to a bookcase, to prevent people from taking books with them. How did this book end up in the library of the Martini Church<\/a>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Titelpage of Schedel’s Chronicle including the handwritten note that master Rodolphus Kannegheter bequeathed it to the library of St. Martin’s Church in Groningen. “Users, pray faithfully for the testator.”<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This world chronicle was written by Hartmann Schedel, a physician from Nuremberg with a broad interest in art and science. It was published in 1493. He wanted to describe the history of the world, followed by the Apocalypse, based on Christian eschatology.<\/span>Eschatology is a theological term for the teachings about the end of time. Various religions have completely different ideas of what will happen. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, the three world religions, share the idea that there will be a prophet or a new Messiah. Christian eschatology, which is the subject of this World chronicle, focuses on the Second Coming of Christ and Judgement Day, the day on which God will judge everyone. In this chronicle, this process is described and illustrated extensively, as is the coming of the Antichrist. One illustration shows angels leading the fortunate ones to Heaven, while little devils are dragging people into their graves by their hair.<\/span>Schedel collaborated on this with a team of artists and scholars\u2014all of them humanists, like Schedel himself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The <\/em>Danse macabre in Schedel’s chronicle and on a modern t-shirt<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The book was printed in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger, one of the most successful printers in Germany, and it became a bestseller. The pages of this world chronicle are decorated with hundreds of illustrations in black and white, made using woodcuts.<\/span>Woodcuts are printed illustrations that are made using wood engraving. An image is cut into a piece of wood with a small chisel, after which it is covered with ink. The image is then printed on paper, which results in an ink illustration that is the mirror image of the wooden original. In Europe, the first woodcuts were made in the 14th century. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the technique was also used in book printing.<\/span>At the time, this made it the most illustrated book in the world. One example is the Danse Macabre<\/em>, the Dance of Death, a theme often used in medieval art. We see five skeletons, three of which are dancing happily while the fourth is playing an instrument and the fifth is just crawling out of its grave. This illustration is still very popular and is even printed on T-shirts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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To be coloured or not to be: two illustrations from our copy of Schedel’s chronicle. On the left, Sodom and Gomorra (fol. 21r). On the right, part of the view of Cologne on the Rhine with the Dom being built<\/a> (fol. 91r).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In our copy, the illustrations at the beginning of the book have been hand-coloured, but the later illustrations are in black and white. Maybe a bookseller commissioned the colouring and it was never finished. Or maybe one of the earlier owners started it? The copy also contains lots of notes in the margins and some phrases have been underlined: Angeli primo creati<\/em> (The angels were created first) is written in one of the margins. Also remarkable is the world map at the back of the book. It includes the current territory of the Netherlands, with a small island printed above Frisia, which is marked \u2018groningen\u2019 by hand. Who added the name?<\/p>\n\n\n

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\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, map inserted after fol. 299: “groningen” written on the island next to FRISIA <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, fol. 5v <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, fol. 14v: the patriarch Noah (Bible, Genesis 6-9) <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, fol. 2r: handwritten annotations in the margin <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n\n\n

It could have been Rodolphus Kannegheter, who was a priest in Noordlaren at the end of the 15th century. Kannegheter was also a member of the prestigious society of Kalands Brethren<\/span>Kalands Brethren were groups of laymen and clergymen in the Netherlands and the north of Germany who organized regular meetings that were mainly focused on prayers for the deceased. In addition, the Kalands Brethren helped to support the poor and vowed to lead a frugal life. They originally met on the first day of the month (Latin: Kalendae); hence their name. This society existed in Groningen since 1318 and it attracted prominent members, such as important clergymen. They met twice a year to sing psalms and share a meal. These were supposed to be frugal meals, but that was not always the case: sometimes they even received complaints about the amount of alcohol that was consumed.<\/span>which would sometimes meet in the Martinikerk. This means that he was from Groningen and that he was involved in a spiritual community in Groningen. Did he put Groningen on the map? Maybe Kannegheter was the first owner of this copy, but there may have been another owner before him: the text anno domini 1500<\/em> has been written at the front of the book, possibly by someone who owned the book before Kannegheter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kannegheter died in 1506 and that is how the book ended up in the library of the Martinikerk: he bequeathed it to the library in his will. Later, the book was briefly owned by someone called Jacob Canter, but it is unknown how the book got into his possession. Maybe he was the one who made the notes. We do know that in 1683 Canter gave the book to Julius Schelto van Aitzema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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This Julius Schelto van Aitzema was mayor of Dokkum in the 17th century. In 2021, a painting of him as mayor was displayed in the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam as part of the Slavery exhibition<\/a>. The artist Gerard Wigmana made this painting of the mayor, his family and servants, and an unknown, but seemingly important guest in 1697. The painting can normally be seen in the Dokkum town hall. Van Aitzema died in 1714. In 1758, the chronicle is first mentioned in the catalogue of the University of Groningen Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author: Kjelda Glimmerveen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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