{"id":905,"date":"2022-08-31T15:47:21","date_gmt":"2022-08-31T13:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/?post_type=verhaal&p=582"},"modified":"2023-01-09T21:24:17","modified_gmt":"2023-01-09T20:24:17","slug":"kronieken-en-kalendebroeders","status":"publish","type":"verhaal","link":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The\u00a0Bartholomeuskerk<\/a>\u00a0here in Noordlaren, built in the late-twelfth and early-thirteenth century, has always played an important part in the area. The church is also known for its lavish paintings, including a two-metre high painting of Christ and the Apostles from the thirteenth century. Unfortunately, these paintings have been heavily damaged by brickwork that was added later. However, at the end of the fifteenth century, when Rodolphus Kannegheter was a priest here, they were still intact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rodolphus Kannegheter came from a family of clergymen and, like his ancestors, he was very active in the community. For one thing, he was a member of the prestigious society of Kalands Brethren<\/span>Kalands Brethren were groups of laymen and clergymen in the Netherlands and the north of Germany who organized regular meetings that were mainly focused on prayers for the deceased. In addition, the Kalands Brethren helped to support the poor and vowed to lead a frugal life. They originally met on the first day of the month (Latin: Kalendae); hence their name. This society existed in Groningen since 1318 and it attracted prominent members, such as important clergymen. They met twice a year to sing psalms and share a meal. These were supposed to be frugal meals, but that was not always the case: sometimes they even received complaints about the amount of alcohol that was consumed.<\/span>in Groningen. He was also the proud owner of the book Liber Cronicarum<\/em>, also known as the Nuremberg Chronicle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Titelpage of Schedel’s Chronicle including the handwritten note that master Rodolphus Kannegheter bequeathed it to the library of St. Martin’s Church in Groningen. “Users, pray faithfully for the testator.”<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

This world chronicle was written by Hartmann Schedel, a physician from Nuremberg with a broad interest in art and science. It was published in 1493. The aim of the book was to describe the history of the world, followed by the Apocalypse, based on Christian eschatology.<\/span>Eschatology is a theological term for the teachings about the end of time. Various religions have completely different ideas of what will happen. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, the three world religions, share the idea that there will be a prophet or a new Messiah. Christian eschatology, which is the subject of this World chronicle, focuses on the Second Coming of Christ and Judgement Day, the day on which God will judge everyone. In this chronicle, this process is described and illustrated extensively, as is the coming of the Antichrist. One illustration shows angels leading the fortunate ones to Heaven, while little devils are dragging people into their graves by their hair.<\/span>Schedel collaborated on this with a team of artists and scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n
Three illustrations from Schedel’s Chronicle: from left to right: Cologne with the Dom being built<\/a> (fol. 91r); Sodom and Gomorra (fol. 21r); Noah the patriarch (fol. 14v)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The book was printed in Nuremberg by Anton Koberger, one of the most successful printers in Germany, and it became a bestseller. The pages of this world chronicle are decorated with hundreds of illustrations in black and white, made using woodcuts.<\/span>Woodcuts are printed illustrations that are made using wood engraving. An image is cut into a piece of wood with a small chisel, after which it is covered with ink. The image is then printed on paper, which results in an ink illustration that is the mirror image of the wooden original. In Europe, the first woodcuts were made in the 14th century. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the technique was also used in book printing.<\/span>At the time, this made it the most illustrated book in the world. One example is the Danse Macabre<\/em>, the Dance of Death, a theme often used in medieval art. We see five skeletons, three of which are dancing happily while the fourth is playing an instrument and the fifth is just crawling out of its grave. This illustration is still very popular and is even printed on T-shirts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n
The <\/em>Danse macabre in Schedel’s Chronicle and on a present-day t-shirt.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In our copy, the illustrations at the beginning of the book have been hand-coloured, but the later illustrations are in black and white. Maybe a bookseller commissioned the colouring and it was never finished. Or maybe one of the earlier owners of this copy started it? The copy also contains lots of notes in the margins and some phrases have been underlined: Angeli primo creati<\/em> (The angels were created first) is written in one of the margins. Also remarkable is the world map at the back of the book. It includes the current territory of the Netherlands, with a small island printed above it, which is marked \u2018groningen\u2019 by hand. Maybe Kannegheter, who was from Groningen, added the name? It is also possible that it was added by another, as yet unknown, owner. In the front of the book the phrase anno domini 1500<\/em> is written, possibly by someone who owned the book before Kannegheter.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, map inserted after fol. 299: “groningen” written on the island next to FRISIA <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, fol. 5v <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n
\n
\n \n \"Chronicle\n\t\t\t <\/i>\n <\/a>\n <\/div>\n
\n INC 163, fol. 2r: handwritten annotations in the margin <\/div>\n \n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n\n\n

After Kannegheter\u2019s death in 1506, the book was legated to the library of the Martinikerk<\/a>, which may have acted as the municipal library at the time. In the library, it was probably mostly used by clergymen. In this library, books like these were put on a chain: one end of the chain was attached to the book cover and the other end to a bookcase, to prevent people from taking books with them. Later, the book was owned by Jacob Canter, but it is unknown how it ended up in his possession. Maybe Jacob was the one who made the notes. We do know that he gave the book to Julius Schelto van Aitzema in 1683, who is depicted prominently in a painting in the Dokkum town hall. Van Aitzema died in 1714. In 1758, this world chronicle is first mentioned in the catalogue of the University of Groningen Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author: Kjelda Glimmerveen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":578,"template":"","gebied":[11],"class_list":["post-905","verhaal","type-verhaal","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","gebied-groningen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The\u00a0Bartholomeuskerk\u00a0here in Noordlaren, built in the late-twelfth and early-thirteenth century, has always played an important...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Stories of Frisia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-09T20:24:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/\",\"name\":\"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-31T13:47:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-09T20:24:17+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg\",\"width\":2400,\"height\":1800,\"caption\":\"INC 163, fol. 5v\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Stories\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Stories of Frisia\",\"description\":\"Stories of Frisia\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia","og_description":"The\u00a0Bartholomeuskerk\u00a0here in Noordlaren, built in the late-twelfth and early-thirteenth century, has always played an important...","og_url":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/","og_site_name":"Stories of Frisia","article_modified_time":"2023-01-09T20:24:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2400,"height":1800,"url":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/","url":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/","name":"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren - Stories of Frisia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg","datePublished":"2022-08-31T13:47:21+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-09T20:24:17+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/08\/INC-163-afb-6-boegbeeldillustratie.jpg","width":2400,"height":1800,"caption":"INC 163, fol. 5v"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/kronieken-en-kalendebroeders\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Stories","item":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/stories\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Chronicle and Kalands Brethren"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/","name":"Stories of Frisia","description":"Stories of Frisia","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/verhaal\/905"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/verhaal"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/verhaal"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/verhaal\/905\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"gebied","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frisia.rug.nl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gebied?post=905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}